ANNA UNIVTIRUNELVELI ME EMBEDDED SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES SYSLLABUS

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI – 600 025
M.E. EMBEDDED SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES
CURRICULUM 2005 - FULL TIME MODE

SEMESTER – I
Code No. Course Title L T P M
Theory
MA1615 Applied Mathematics for Embedded System
3 1 0 100
ES1601 Advanced Digital System Design
3 0 0 100
ES1602 Micro Controller System Design and Applications
3 0 0 100
ES1603 Software Technology for Embedded Systems
3 0 0 100
ES1604 Real Time Systems
3 0 0 100
E1*** Elective I 3 0 0 100

SEMESTER – II
Code No. Course Title L T P M
Theory
ES1651 Real Time Operating System
3 0 0 100
ES1652 Embedded Networking
3 0 0 100
ES1653 VLSI Architecture and Design Methodologies
3 1 0 100
ES1654 Design of Embedded Systems
3 0 0 100
E2*** Elective II 3 0 0 100
E3*** Elective III 3 0 0 100
Practical
ES1655 Embedded System Lab
0 0 3 100

SEMESTER – III

Code No. Course Title L T P M
Theory
E4*** Elective IV 3 0 0 100
E5*** Elective V 3 0 0 100
E6*** Elective VI 3 0 0 100
Practical
ES1751 Project Work - Phase I 0 0 12 *


SEMESTER – IV

Code No. Course Title L T P M
ES1751 Project Work - Phase II 0 0 24 *

* As per Regulations 2005



LIST OF ELECTIVES FOR M.E. EMBEDDED SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES

Code No. Course Title L T P M
ES1621 Embedded Control Systems
3 0 0 100
ES1622 Cryptography and Network Security
3 0 0 100
ES1623 Digital Image Processing
3 0 0 100
ES1625 Operating Systems
3 0 0 100
ES1626 Computer Architecture
3 0 0 100
ES1627 Wireless & Mobile Communication
3 0 0 100
ES1628 Advanced Embedded Systems
3 0 0 100
ES1671 VHDL
3 0 0 100
ES1672 Data Communication & Networks
3 0 0 100
ES1673 Multimedia Systems
3 0 0 100
ES1674 ASIC Design
3 0 0 100
ES1675 Advanced Microprocessors & Micro controllers Design
3 0 0 100
ES1676 Embedded Communication Software Design
3 0 0 100
ES1677 DSP Integrated Circuits
3 0 0 100
CI1602 Digital Signal Processing
3 0 0 100


SEMESTER – I

MA1615 APPLIED MATHEMATICS FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 3 1 0 100

1. THE WAVE EQUATION 9

Solution of initial and boundary value problems – Characteristics – D’Alembert’s Solution – Significance of Characteristic curves – Laplace transform solutions for displacement in a long string – a long string under its weight – a bar with prescribed force on one end – free vibration of a string.

2. SPECIAL FUNCTIONS 9

Series solutions – Bessel’s equation – Bessel Functions – Legendre’s equation – Legendre Polynomials – Rodrigue’s formula – Recurrence relations – Generating Functions and orthogonal property for Bessel functions of the first kind – Legendre Polynomials.

3. FOURIER ANALYSIS AND Z –TRANSFORMS 9

Discrete Fourier Transforms and its properties – Fourier series and its properties – Fourier representation of finite duration sequences – Z-transform – Properties of the region of convergence – Inverse Z-transform – Z-transform properties.

4. PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLES 9

Probability – Random variables – Binomial, Poisson, Geometric, Uniform, Normal, Exponential distributions – Moment generating functions and their properties – Functions of Random variables.

5. QUEUEING THEORY

Single and Multiple server Markovian Queuing models – Customer impatience – Queuing applications.
L = 45 T = 15 Total = 60

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Andrews L.C., and Shivamoggi, B.K. Integral Transforms for Engineers, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 2003.
2. Gupta, S.C and Kapoor V.K., Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, Sultan Chand and sons, New Delhi, 2001.
3. Taha H .A., Operations Research: An Introduction, Pearson Education Edition, Asia, New Delhi, Seventh Edition 2002.
4. O’Neil P.V., Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Thomson Brooks/Cole, Singapore,
5th Edition, 2003.
5. Andrews L.C., Special Functions of Mathematics for Engineers, McGraw Hill, Inc., Singapore, 2nd Edition, 1992.





REFERENCES:
1. Sankara Rao K., Introduction to Partial Equations, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1997.
2. Sneddon I.N, The use of Integral Transforms, McGraw Hill Book Co, NewYork, 1972.
3. Churchill R.V., Operational Mathematics, McGraw Hill Kogakusha Ltd, Tokyo, 1981.
4. S.Narayanan, T.K.Manickavachagam Pillay and G.Ramaniah, Advanced Mathematics for Engineering Students Vol.II, S.Viswanathan Pvt. Ltd., 1986.
5. Walpole R.E., Myer R.H., Myer S.L., and Ye, K., Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists, Pearson Education, 7th Edition, Delhi, 2002.
6. Goel, B.S., and Mittal, S.K. Operations Research, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, 2000.

ES1601 ADVANCED DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN 3 0 0 100

1. SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT DESIGN 9

Analysis of Clocked Synchronous Sequential Networks (CSSN) Modeling of CSSN – State Stable Assignment and Reduction – Design of CSSN – Design of Iterative Circuits – ASM Chart – ASM Realization.

2. ASYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT DESIGN 9

Analysis of Asynchronous Sequential Circuit (ASC) – Flow Table Reduction – Races in ASC – State Assignment – Problem and the Transition Table – Design of ASC – Static and Dynamic Hazards – Essential Hazards – Data Synchronizers – Designing Vending Machine Controller – Mixed Operating Mode Asynchronous Circuits.

3. FAULT DIAGNOSIS AND TESTABILITY ALGORITHMS 9

Fault Table Method – Path Sensitization Method – Boolean Difference Method – Kohavi
Algorithm – Tolerance Techniques – The Compact Algorithm – Practical PLA’s – Fault in PLA – Test Generation – Masking Cycle – DFT Schemes – Built-in Self Test.

4. SYNCHRONOUS DESIGN USING PROGRAMMABLE DEVICES 9

EPROM to Realize a Sequential Circuit – Programmable Logic Devices – Designing a Synchronous Sequential Circuit using a GAL – EPROM – Realization State machine using PLD – FPGA – Xilinx FPGA – Xilinx 2000 - Xilinx 3000

5. SYSTEM DESIGN USING VHDL 9

VHDL Description of Combinational Circuits – Arrays – VHDL Operators – Compilation and Simulation of VHDL Code – Modelling using VHDL – Flip Flops – Registers – Counters – Sequential Machine – Combinational Logic Circuits - VHDL Code for – Serial Adder, Binary Multiplier – Binary Divider – complete Sequential Systems – Design of a Simple Microprocessor.

L = 45 Total = 45
REFERENCES:
1. Donald G. Givone “Digital principles and Design” Tata McGraw Hill 2002.
2. John M Yarbrough “Digital Logic applications and Design” Thomson Learning, 2001
3. Nripendra N Biswas “Logic Design Theory” Prentice Hall of India, 2001
4. Charles H. Roth Jr. “Digital System Design using VHDL” Thomson Learning, 1998.
5. Charles H. Roth Jr. “Fundamentals of Logic design” Thomson Learning, 2004.
6. Stephen Brown and Zvonk Vranesic “Fundamentals of Digital Logic with VHDL Deisgn” Tata McGraw Hill, 2002.
7. Navabi.Z. “VHDL Analysis and Modeling of Digital Systems. McGraw International, 1998.
8. Parag K Lala, “Digital System design using PLD” BS Publications, 2003
9. Peter J Ashendem, “The Designers Guide to VHDL” Harcourt India Pvt Ltd, 2002
10. Mark Zwolinski, “Digital System Design with VHDL” Pearson Education, 2004
Skahill. K, “VHDL for Programmable Logic” Pearson education, 1996.

ES1602 MICROCONTROLLER SYSTEM DESIGN AND APPLICATIONS
3 0 0 100

1. 8051 ARCHITECTURE 9
Basic organization – 8051 CPU structure – Register file – Interrupts – Timers – Port circuits – Instruction set – Timing diagram – Addressing modes – Simple Program and Applications.

2. PERIPHERALS AND INTERFACING 9
Typical Bus structure – Bus – memory organization – Timing characteristics – Extended Model and Memory Interfacing – Polling – Interfacing Basic I/O devices – Analog and Digital interfacing – PWM mode operation – Serial port application.

3. 8096 ARCHITECTURE 9
CPU operation – Interrupt structure – Timers – High Speed Input / Output Ports – I/O control and Status registers – Instruction Set – Addressing Modes – Simple Programming – Queues – Tables and Strings – Stack Memories – Key Switch – Parsing.

4. PERIPHERALS AND INTERFACING 9
Analog Interface – Serial Ports – Watch dog timers – Real Time Clock – Multitasking – Bus Control – Memory Timing – External ROM and RAM expansion – PWM control – A/D interfacing.

5. CASE STUDY FOR 8051 AND 8096 9
Real Time clock – DC Motor Speed Control – Generation of Gating Signals for Converters and Inverters – Frequency Measurement – Temperature Control

L= 45 Total = 45

REFERENCES
1. John B.Peatman, “Design with Micro controllers”, McGraw Hill international Limited
Singapore, 1989.

2. Michael Slater, “Microprocessor based design A comprehensive guide to effective
Hardware design” Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1989.

3. Ayala, Kenneth, “The 8051 Microcontroller” Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Prentice
Hall, 2000.

4. Intel manual on 16 bit embedded controllers, Santa Clara, 1991.
5. Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie mazidi. “The 8051 Microcontroller and
Embedded systems”, Person Education, 2004.









ES1603 SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 3 0 0 100

1. PROGRAMMING EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 9
Embedded Program – Role of Infinite loop – Compiling, Linking and locating – downloading and debugging – Emulators and simulators processor – External peripherals – Toper of memory – Memory testing – Flash Memory.

2. OPERATING SYSTEM 9
Embedded operating system – Real time characteristics – Selection process – Flashing the LED – serial ports – Zilog 85230 serial controlled code efficiency – Code size – Reducing memory usage – Impact of C++.


3. Hardware fundamentals – Buses – DMA – interrupts – Built-ins on the microprocessor – Conventions used on schematics – Microprocessor Architectures – Software Architectures – RTOS Architectures – Selecting an Architecture. 9

4. RTOS – Tasks and Task states – Semaphores – Shared data – Message queues, Mail boxes and pipes – Memory management – Interrupt routines – Encapsulating semaphore and queues – Hard Real-time scheduling – Power saving. 9

5. Embedded Software development tools – Host and target machines – Linkers / Locators for Embedded Software – Debugging techniques – Instruction set simulators Laboratory tools – Practical example – Source code. 9

L= 45 Total = 45


REFERENCES:

1. David E.Simon: An Embedded Software Primer Perason Education, 2003.
2. Michael Bass: Programming Embedded Systems in C and C++ Oreilly, 2003.




ES1604 REAL TIME SYSTEMS 3 0 0 100

1. INTRODUCTION 9

Introduction – Issues in Real Time Computing, Structure of a Real Time System, Task classes, Performance Measures for Real Time Systems, Estimating Program Run Times. Task Assignment and Scheduling – Classical uniprocessor scheduling algorithms, Uniprocessor scheduling of IRIS tasks, Task assignment, Mode changes, and Fault Tolerant Scheduling.

2. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES AND TOOLS 9

Programming Languages and Tools – Desired language characteristics, Data typing, Control structures, Facilitating Hierarchical Decomposition, Packages, Run – time (Exception) Error handling, Overloading and Generics, Multitasking, Low level programming, Task Scheduling, Timing Specifications, Programming Environments, Run – time support.

3. REAL TIME DATABASES 9

Real time Databases – Basic Definition, Real time Vs General Purpose Databases, Main Memory Databases, Transaction priorities, Transaction Aborts, Concurrency control issues, Disk Scheduling Algorithms, Two – phase Approach to improve Predictability, Maintaining Serialization Consistency, Databases for Hard Real Time Systems.

4. COMMUNICATION 9

Real – Time Communication – Communications media, Network Topologies Protocols, Fault Tolerant Routing. Fault Tolerance Techniques – Fault Types, Fault Detection. Fault Error containment Redundancy, Data Diversity, Reversal Checks, Integrated Failure handling.

5. EVALUATION TECHNIQUES 9

Reliability Evaluation Techniques – Obtaining parameter values, Reliability models for Hardware Redundancy, Software error models. Clock Synchronization – Clock, A Nonfault – Tolerant Synchronization Algorithm, Impact of faults, Fault Tolerant Synchronization in Hardware, Fault Tolerant Synchronization in software.


L = 45 Total = 45





TEXT BOOK

1. C.M. Krishna, Kang G. Shin, “Real – Time Systems”, McGraw – Hill International Editions, 1997.

REFERENCES

1. Stuart Bennett, “Real Time Computer Control – An Introduction”, Prentice Hall of India, 1998.
2. Peter D.Lawrence, “Real Time Micro Computer System Design – An Introduction”, McGraw Hill, 1988.
3. S.T. Allworth and R.N.Zobel, “Introduction to real time software design”, Macmillan, 2nd Edition, 1987.
4. R.J.A Buhur, D.L Bailey, “An Introduction to Real – Time Systems”, Prentice – Hall International, 1999.
5. Philip.A.Laplante, “Real Time System Design and Analysis”, Prentice Hall of India, 3rd Edition, April 2004.


SEMESTER - II

ES1651 REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS 3 0 0 100

1. REVIEW OF OPERATING SYSTEMS 9

Basic Principles – System Calls – Files – Processes – Design and Implementation of processes – Communication between processes – Operating System structures.

2. DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEMS 9

Topology – Network types – Communication – RPC – Client server model – Distributed file system – Design strategies.

3. REAL TIME MODELS AND LANGUAGES 9

Event Based – Process Based and Graph based Models – Petrinet Models – Real Time Languages – RTOS Tasks – RT scheduling - Interrupt processing – Synchronization – Control Blocks – Memory Requirements.

4. REAL TIME KERNEL 9

Principles – Design issues – Polled Loop Systems – RTOS Porting to a Target – Comparison and study of various RTOS like QNX – VX works – PSOS – C Executive – Case studies.

5. RTOS APPLICATION DOMAINS 9

RTOS for Image Processing – Embedded RTOS for voice over IP – RTOS for fault Tolerant Applications – RTOS for Control Systems.

L = 45 Total = 45

REFERENCES:

1. Herma K., “Real Time Systems – Design for distributed Embedded Applications”, Kluwer Academic, 1997.
2. Charles Crowley, “Operating Systems-A Design Oriented approach” McGraw Hill 1997.
3. C.M. Krishna, Kang, G.Shin, “Real Time Systems”, McGraw Hill, 1997.
4. Raymond J.A.Bhur, Donald L.Bailey, “An Introduction to Real Time Systems”, PHI 1999.







ES1652 EMBEDDED NETWORKING 3 0 0 100


1. EMBEDDED NETWORK REQUIREMENTS 9
Embedded networking – code requirements – Communication requirements – Introduction to CAN open – CAN open standard – Object directory – Electronic Data Sheets & Device – Configuration files – Service Data Objectives – Network management CAN open messages – Device profile encoder.

2. CAN open configuration – Evaluating system requirements choosing devices and tools – Configuring single devices – Overall network configuration – Network simulation – Network Commissioning – Advanced features and testing. 9


3.Controller Area Network – Underlying Technology CAN Overview – Selecting a CAN Controller – CAN development tools. 9


4.Implementing CAN open Communication layout and requirements – Comparison of implementation methods – Micro CAN open – CAN open source code – Conformance test – Entire design life cycle. 9


5.Implementation issues – Physical layer – Data types – Object dictionary – Communication object identifiers – Emerging objects – Node states. 9

L = 45 Total = 45

TEXT BOOKS
1. Glaf P.Feiffer, Andrew Ayre and Christian Keyold “Embedded Networking with CAN and CAN open”. Embedded System Academy 2005.






ES1653 VLSI ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN METHODOLOGIES 3 1 0 100


1.INTRODUCTION 9
Overview of digital VLSI design methodologies – Trends in IC Technology – Advanced Boolean algebra – Shannon’s expansion theorem – Consensus theorem – Octal designation- Run measure – Buffer gates - Gate expander – Reed Muller expansion – Synthesis of multiple output combinational logic circuits by product map method – Design of static hazard free, dynamic hazard free logic circuits.

2.ANALOG VLSI AND HIGH SPEED VLSI 9
Introduction to analog VLSI – realization of neural networks and switched capacitor filters – Sub-micron technology and Gas VLSI Technology.

3.PROGRAMMABLE ASICS 9
Anti fuse – static RAM – EPROM and technology – PREP bench marks – Actel ACT – Xilinx LCA – Altera flex – Altera MAX DC & AC inputs and outputs – Clock and power inputs – Xilinx I/O blocks.


4.PROGRAMMABLE ASIC DESIGN SOFTWARE 9
Actel ACT – Xilinux LCA – Xilinux EPLD – Altera MAX 5000 and 7000 – Altera MAX 9000 – design systems – logic synthesis – half gate – schematic entry – Low level design language – PLA tools – EDIF – CFI design representation.


5.LOGIC SYNTHESIS, SIMULATION AND TESTING 9
Basic features of VHDL language for behavioral modeling and simulation – Summary of VHDL data types – Dataflow and structural modeling – VHDL and logic synthesis – Circuit and layout verification – Types of simulation – Boundary scan test – Fault simulation – Automatic test pattern generation – design examples.

L = 45 T =15 Total = 60

REFERENCES:

1.William I.Fletcher, “An Engineering Approach to Digital Design”, Prentice Hall of India.
2.Amar Mukharjee, “Introduction to NMOS and CMOS VLSI System Design”, Prentice Hall, 1986.
3.M.J.S. Smith, “Application – specific integrates circuits”, Addison Wesley Longman Inc. 1997.
4.Frederick J.Hill and Gerald R.Peterson, “Computer Aided Logical Design with emphasis on VLSI”.



ES1654 DESIGN OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 3 0 0 100



1. Embedded Design life cycle – Product specification – Hardware / Software partitioning – Detailed hardware and software design – Integration – Product testing – Selection Processes – Microprocessor Vs Micro Controller – Performance tools – Bench marking – RTOS Micro Controller – Performance tools – Bench marking – RTOS availability – Tool chain availability – Other issues in selection processes. 9


2. Partitioning decision – Hardware / Software duality – coding Hardware – ASIC revolution – Managing the Risk – Co-verification – execution environment – memory organization – System startup – Hardware manipulation – memory – mapped access – speed and code density. 9

3. Interrupt Service routines – Watch dog timers – Flash memory Basic toolset – Host ased debugging – Remote debugging – ROM emulators – logic Analyzer – Caches – Computer optimisation – Statistical profiling. 9

4. In circuit emulators – Buller proof run control – Real time trace – Hardware break points – Overlay memory – Timing constraints – Usage issues – Triggers. 9

5. Testing – Bug tracking – reduction of risks & costs – Performance – Unit testing – Regression testing – Choosing test cases – Functional tests – Coverage tests – Testing embedded software – Performance testing – Maintenance. 9

L = 45 Total = 45
REFERENCE
Arnold S. Berger – Embedded System Design CMP books, USA 2002.




ES1655 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS LAB 0 0 3 100

1. Micro controller 8051/8031 & Flash controller programming
a) Simple application programs with kit and through assembler
b) Data flash with erase, verify, fusing through ATMEL and INTEL tools.

2. Testing RTOS Environment and System Programming.
a) Keil Tools
b) RTOS System Solutions with Tornado tools.

3. Complex Programmable Logic Devices and Device Programming with VHDL fitter and Cool runner
a) Warp tools-Cypress-Active HDL Simulator & Galaxy-VHDL, FSM models
b) Mixed signal handling.

4. Third party design tools
a) Mentor Graphics
b) Cadence.

5. VLSI designing with various Tools and Design methodologies
a) AT40K FPGA series-synthesis-design-simulation of application programs.
b) Xilinx EDA design tools-device programming –PROM programming.
c) ALTERA and Mentor graphics-IC design tools.

6. Embedded DSP based System Designing.
a) Code compressor studio for embedded DSP using Texas tool kit.
b) Analog DSP tool kit.

7. IPCORE usage in VOIP Through SoC2 tools
a) Cypress PsoC designing Tools
b) SoPC designing Tools

8. FPSLIC synthesis, Designing and Testing and BLUE TOOTH wireless Communication Designing.
a) ATMEL FPSLIC tools
b) CYPRESS BLUE TOOTH tools.





ELECTIVES

ES1621 EMBEDDED CONTROL SYSTEMS 3 0 0 100

1. INTRODUCTION 6
Controlling the hardware with software – Data lines – Address lines - Ports – Schematic representation – Bit masking – Programmable peripheral interface – Switch input detection – 74 LS 244

2. INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICES 8
Keyboard basics – Keyboard scanning algorithm – Multiplexed LED displays – Character LCD modules – LCD module display – Configuration – Time-of-day clock – Timer manager - Interrupts - Interrupt service routines – IRQ - ISR - Interrupt vector or dispatch table multiple-point - Interrupt-driven pulse width modulation.


3. D/A AND A/D CONVERSION 12
R 2R ladder - Resistor network analysis - Port offsets - Triangle waves analog vs. digital values - ADC0809 – Auto port detect - Recording and playing back voice - Capturing analog information in the timer interrupt service routine - Automatic, multiple channel analog to digital data acquisition.

4. ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL COMMUNICATION 9
Asynchronous serial communication – RS-232 – RS-485 – Sending and receiving data – Serial ports on PC – Low-level PC serial I/O module - Buffered serial I/O.

5. CASE STUDIES: EMBEDDED C PROGRAMMING 10
Multiple closure problems – Basic outputs with PPI – Controlling motors – Bi-directional control of motors – H bridge – Telephonic systems – Stepper control – Inventory control systems.
L = 45 TOTAL = 45
REFERENCES
1. Jean J. Labrosse, “Embedded Systems Building Blocks: Complete and
Ready-To-Use Modules in C”, The publisher, Paul Temme, 1999.

2. Ball S.R., ‘Embedded microprocessor Systems – Real World Design’, Prentice Hall, 1996.

3. Herma K, “Real Time Systems – Design for distributed Embedded Applications”, Kluwer Academic, 1997.

4. Daniel W. Lewis, “Fundamentals of Embedded Software where C and Assembly meet”, PHI, 2002.






ES1622 CRYPTOGRAPHY AND NETWORK SECURITY 3 0 0 100

1. SYMMETRIC CIPHERS 9
Overview – classical Encryption Techniques – Block Ciphers and the Data Encryption standard – Introduction to Finite Fields – Advanced Encryption standard – Contemporary Symmetric Ciphers – Confidentiality using Symmetric Encryption.

2.PUBLIC-KEY ENCRYPTION AND HASH FUNCTIONS 9
Introduction to Number Theory – Public-Key Cryptography and RSA – Key Management – Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange – Elliptic Curve Cryptography – Message Authentication and Hash Functions – Hash Algorithms – Digital Signatures and Authentication Protocols.

3. NETWORK SECURITY PRACTICE 9
Authentication Applications – Kerbors – X.509 Authentication Service – Electronic mail Security – Pretty Good Privacy – S/MIME – IP Security architecture – Authentication Header – Encapsulating Security Payload – Key Management.

4. SYSTEM SECURITY 9
Intruders – Intrusion Detection – Password Management – Malicious Software – Firewalls – Firewall Design Principles – Trusted Systems.

5.WIRELESS SECURITY 9
Introduction to Wireless LAN Security Standards – Wireless LAN Security Factors and Issues.
L = 45 Total =45

TEXT BOOKS:

1. William Stallings, “Cryptography And Network Security – Principles And
Practices”, Pearson Education, 3rd Edition, 2003.

REFERENCES

1. Atul Kahate, “Cryptography and Network Security”, Tata McGraw Hill, 2003.
2. Bruce Schneier, “Applied Cryptography”, John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2001.
3. Stewart S. Miller, “Wi-Fi Security”, McGraw Hill, 2003.
4. Charles B. Pfleeger, Shari Lawrence Pfleeger, “Security In Computing”, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education, 2003.
5. Mai, “Modern Cryptography: Theory and Practice”, First Edition, Pearson
Education, 2003.



ES1623 DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 3 0 0 100

1. FUNDAMENTALS OF IMAGE PROCESSING 9

Introduction – Steps in image processing systems – Image acquisition – Sampling and Quantization – Pixel relationships – Color fundamentals and models, File formats, Image operations – Arithmetic, Geometric and Morphological.

2. IMAGE ENHANCEMENT 9

Spatial Domain: Gray level Transformations – Histogram processing – Spatial filtering smoothing and sharpening. Frequency Domain: Filtering in frequency domain – DFT, FFT, DCT – Smoothing and sharpening filters – Homomorphic Filtering.

3. IMAGE SEGMENTATION AND FEATURE ANALYSIS 9

Detection of Discontinuities – Edge operators – Edge linking and Boundary Detection – Thresholding – Region based segmentation – Morphological Watersheds – Motion Segmentation, Feature Analysis and Extraction.

4. MULTI RESOLUTION ANALYSIS AND COMPRESSIONS 9

Multi Resolution Analysis: Image Pyramids – Multi resolution expansion – Wavelet Transforms. Image compression: Fundamentals – Models – Elements of Information Theory – Error free compression – Lossy Compression – Compression Standards.

5. APPLICATIONS OF IMAGE PROCESSING 9

Image classification – Image recognition – Image understanding – Video motion analysis – Image fusion – Steganography – Digital compositing – Mosaics – Colour Image Processing.

L = 45 Total = 45



REFERENCES

1. Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods, “Digital Image Processing”, 2nd Edition, Pearson Eduction, 2003.
2. Milan Sonka, Vaclav Hlavac and Roger Boyle, “Image Processing, Analysis and Machine Vision ”, 2nd Edition, Thomson Learning, 2001.
3. Anil K. Jain, “Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing”, Pearson Education, 2003.





ES1624 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 3 0 0 100

1. DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 9
Representation of discrete time signal – classifications – Discrete time – system – Basic operations on sequence – linear – Time invariant – causal – stable – solution to difference equation – convolution sum – correlation – Discrete time Fourier series – Discrete time Fourier transform.

2. FOURIER AND STRUCTURE REALIZATION 9
Discrete Fourier transform – properties – Fast Fourier transform – Z-transform – structure realization – Direct form – lattice structure for FIR filter – Lattice structure for IIR Filter.

3.FILTERS 9
FIR Filter – windowing technique – optimum equiripple linear phase FIR filter – IIR filter – Bilinear transformation technique – impulse invariance method – Butterworth filter – Tchebyshev filter.

4.MULTISTAGE REPRESENTATION 9
Sampling of band pass signal – antialiasing filter – Decimation by a n integer factor – interpolation by an integer factor – sampling rate conversion – implementation of digital filter banks – sub-band coding – Quadrature mirror filter – A/D conversion – Quantization – coding – D/A conversion – Introduction to wavelets.

5.DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS 9
Fundamentals of fixed point DSP architecture – Fixed point number representation and computation – Fundamentals of floating point DSP architecture – floating point number representation and computation – study of TMS 320 C 54XX processor – Basic programming – addition – subtraction – multiplication – convolution – correlation – study of TMS 320 F2XXX processor – Basic programming – addition – subtraction – multiplication – convolution – correlation.

L = 45 Total = 45

REFERENCES
1. John G.Proakis, Dimitris G.Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing: Principles, Algorithms and Applications”, PHI.
2. S.Salivahanan, A.Vallavaraj and C.Gnanapriya “Digital Signal Processing, TMH, 2000.
3. A.V. Oppenheim and R.W.Schafer, Englewood “Digital Signal Processing”, Prentice-Hall,
Inc, 1975.
4. Rabiner and Gold, “Theory and Application of Digital Signal Processing, A
comprehensive, Industrial – Strength DSP reference book.
5. B.Venkatramani & M.Bhaskar, “Digital Signal Processors architecture, programming and applications”, TMH, 2002.




ES1625 OPERATING SYSTEMS 3 0 0 100


1. Introduction – Operating systems and services – Processes – CPU Scheduling approaches. 9

2. Process synchronization – Semaphores – Deadlocks – Handling deadlocks – Multithreading. 9

3. Memory management – Paging – Segmentation – Virtual memory – Demand paging – Replacement algorithms. 9

4. Disk Scheduling approaches – File systems – Design issues – User interfaces to file systems – I / O device management. 9

5. Case study – Design and implementation of the UNIX OS, process model and
Structure – Memory management – File system – UNIX I / O management and
Device drivers – Windows – System components – Process management –
Memory management – File systems – Networking. 9

L = 45 TOTAL = 45

REFERENCES
1. Abraham Silberschatz Peter B. Galvin, G.Gagne, “Operating System Concepts”, 6th Edition, Wesley Publishing company, 2003.

2. M.J.Bach, Design of the UNIX Operating System, Prentice Hall, 1986.



ES1626 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE 3 0 0 100
1. FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER DESIGN 9
Review of fundamentals of CPU, Memory and IO – Performance evaluation – Instruction set principles – Design issues – Example Architectures.

2. INSTRUCTION LEVEL PARALLELISM 9
Pipelining and handling hazards – Dynamic Scheduling – Dynamic hardware prediction – Multiple issue – Hardware based speculation – Limitations of ILP – Case studies.

3. INSTRUCTION LEVEL PARALLELISM WITH SOFTWARE APPROACHES 9
Compiler techniques for exposing ILP – Static branch prediction – VLIW & EPIC – Advanced compiler support – Hardware support for exposing parallelism - Hardware versus software speculation mechanisms – IA 64 and ltanium processor.

4. MEMORY AND I/O 9
Cache performance – Reducing cache miss penalty and miss rate – Reducing hit time – Main memory and performance – Memory technology. Types of storage devices – Buses – RAID – Reliability, availability and dependability – I/O performance measures – Designing an I/O system.

5. MULTIPROCESSORS AND THREAD LEVEL PARALLELISM 9

Symmetric and distributed shared memory architectures – Performance issues – Synchronization – Models of memory consistency – Multithreading.


L = 45 Total = 45

REFERENCES
1. John L.Hennessey and David A.Patterson, “Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach”, Third Edition, Morgan Kaufmann, 2003.

2. D.Sia, T.Fountain and P.Kacsuk, “Advanced computer Architectures: A Design Space Approach”, Addion Wesley, 2000.








ES1627 WIRELESS AND MOBILE COMMUNICATION 3 0 0 100

1. INTRODUCTION 9

Wireless Transmission-signal propagation-spread spectrum-Satellite Networks-Capacity Allocation-FAMA-DAMA-MAC

2. MOBILE NETWORKS 9

Cellular Wireless Networks-GSM-Architecture-Protocols-Connection Establishment-Frequently Allocation-Routing-Handover-Security-GPRA

3. WIRELESS NETWORKS 9

Wireless LAN-IEEE 802.11 Standard-Architecture-Services-AdHoc Network-HiperLan-Blue Tooth

4. ROUTING 9

Mobile IP-DHCP- AdHoc Networks-Proactive and Reactive Routing Protocols-Multicast Routing
5. TRANSPORT AND APPLICATION LAYERS 9

TCP over Adhoc Networks-WAP-Architecture-WWW Programming Model-WDP-WTLS-WTP-WSP-WAE-WTA Architecture-WML-WML scripts

REFERENCES

1. Kaveh Pahlavan, Prasanth Krishnamoorthy, “ Principles of Wireless Networks’ PHI/Pearson Education, 2003
2. Uwe Hansmann, Lothar Merk, Martin S. Nicklons and Thomas Stober, “ Principles of Mobile computing”, Springer, New york, 2003.
3. C.K.Toh, “ AdHoc mobile wireless networks”, Prentice Hall, Inc, 2002.
4. Charles E. Perkins, “ Adhoc Networking”, Addison-Wesley, 2001.
5. Jochen Schiller, “ Mobile communications”, PHI/Pearson Education, Second Edition, 2003.
6. William Stallings, “ Wireless communications and Networks”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2002.



ES1628 ADVANCED EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 3 0 0 100

1. INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF EMBEDDED HARDWARE 9
Terminology – Gates – Timing diagram – Memory – Microprocessor buses – Direct memory access – Interrupts – Built interrupts – Interrupts basis – Shared data problems – Interrupt latency - Embedded system evolution trends – Round-Robin – Round Robin with interrupt function – Rescheduling architecture – algorithm.

2. REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM 9
Task and Task states – Task and data – Semaphore and shared data operating system services – Message queues timing functions – Events – Memory management – Interrupt routines in an RTOS environment – Basic design using RTOS.

3. EMBEDDED HARDWARE, SOFTWARE AND PERIPHERALS 9

Custom single purpose processors: Hardware – Combination Sequence – Processor design – RT level design – optimising software: Basic Architecture – Operation – Programmers view – Development Environment – ASIP – Processor Design – Peripherals – Timers, counters and watch dog timers – UART – Pulse width modulator – LCD controllers – Key pad controllers – Stepper motor controllers – A/D converters – Real time clock.

4. MEMORY AND INTERFACING 9
Memory: Memory write ability and storage performance – Memory types – composing memory – Advance RAM interfacing communication basic – Microprocessor interfacing I/O addressing – Interrupts – Direct memory access – Arbitration multilevel bus architecture – Serial protocol – Parallel protocols – Wireless protocols – Digital camera example.


5. CONCURRENT PROCESS MODELS AND HARDWARE SOFTWARE
CO-DESIGN 9

Modes of operation – Finite state machines – Models – HCFSL and state charts language – state machine models – Concurrent process model – Concurrent process – Communication among process –Synchronization among process – Implementation – Data Flow model. Design technology; Automation synthesis – Hardware software co-simulation – IP cores – Design Process Model.

L = 45 Total = 45

REFERENCES

1. David. E.Simon “An Embedded Software Primer”, Pearson Education, 2001.
2. Frank Vahid and Tony Gwargie “Embedded System Design”, John Wiley & sons, 2002.
3. Steve Heath, “Embedded System Design”, Elserien, Second Edition, 2004.

ES1671 VHDL 3 0 0 100

1. VHDL FUNDAMENTALS 9
Fundamental Concepts – Modeling Digital Systems – Domains and Levels of Modeling – Modeling Languages – VHDL Modeling concepts – Scalar Data Types and Operations – Constants and variables – Scalar Types – Type Classification – Attributes and Scalar types – Expressions and operators – Sequential Statements – If statements – Case statements – Null Statements – Loop statements – Assertion and Report statements.

2.COMPOSITE DATA TYPES AND BASIC MODELING CONSTRUCTS 9
Arrays – Unconstrained Array types – Array Operations and Referencing – Records – Basic Modeling Constructs – Entity Declarations – Architecture Bodies – Behavioral Descriptions – Structural Descriptions – Design Processing.
Case Study: A pipelined Multiplier Accumulator.

3.SUBPROGRAMS AND PACKAGES 9
Procedures – Procedure Parameters – Concurrent Procedure Call Statements – functions – Overloading – Visibility of Declarations – Packages and Use Clauses – Package declarations – Package bodies – Use Clauses – The predefined – Aliases - Aliases for data objects – Aliases for Non-Data Items.
Case Study: A Bit-Vector Arithmetic Package.

4.SIGNALS, COMPONENTS, CONFIGURATIONS 9
Basic Resolved signals – IEEE Std_Logic_1164 Resolved subtypes – Resolved signal parameters – Generic Constants – Parameterizing behavior – Parameterizing structure – Components and Configurations – Components – Configuring component Instances – Configuration Specification – Generate Statements – generating iterative structure – Conditionally generating structures – Configuration of generate Statements.
Case Study: The DLX Computer System.

5. ADTs AND FILES 9
Access Types – Linked Data structures – Abstract Data Types using Packages – Files and Input/Output – Files – The Package Textio – Verilog.
Case Study: Queuing Networks.
L = 45 Total = 45

TEXT BOOK
1. Peter J.Ashenden, The Designer’s Guide to VHDL, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco, Second Edition, May 2001.

REFERENCES
1.Zainalabedin Navabi, VHDL Analysis and Modeling of Digital Systems, McGraw Hill International Editions, Second Edition, 1998.

2.James M.Lee, Verilog Quick start, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Second Edition, 1999.


ES1672 DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS 3 0 0 100

1. INTRODUCTION 9
Components of network – Topologies – WAN / LAN – OSI – ISO layered Architecture Modulation and demodulation – Bit error rates – Line coding – Error correcting codes.

2. DATA LINK LAYER 9
Design issues – CRC technique and sliding window techniques – Performance analysis of sliding window techniques – Framing formats – Case Study – HDLC protocols – Medium access control – CSMA / CD – Token ring and token bus – FDDI – Wireless LAN – Performance analysis of MAC protocols – Bridges.

3. NETWORK LAYER 9
Circuit switching – packet switching – Design issues – IP addressing and IP diagram – Routers and gateways – Routing –Sub netting – CIDR – ICMP – ARP – RARP – Ipv6 – QoS.

4. TRANSPORT LAYER 9
TCP and UDP – Error handling and flow control – Congestion control – TCP Retransmission – Timeout – Socket Abstraction.

5. APPLICATION SERVICES 9
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) – File Transfer Protocols (FTP), telnet, the World Wide Web (WWW), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Domain name service (DNS), Security, Multimedia applications.
L = 45 Total = 45

REFERENCES:

1. William Stallings, “Data and Computer Communications”, Seventh Edition, Prentice Hall, 2003.
2. Larry Peterson, Bruce S Davie “Computer Networks: A Systems Approach”, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2nd Edition, 1999.
3. James F Kurose, “Computer Networking: A Top – Down Approach Featuring the Internet”, Addison Wesley, 2nd Edition 2002.
4. W.Richard Stevens and Gary R Wright, “TCP / IP Illustrated”, Addison Wesley, Volume 1 & 2, 2001.
5. Douglas E Corner, “Internetworking with TCP / IP”, Volume 1 & 2, 2000.







ES1673 MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS 3 0 0 100

1. MULTIMEDIA 9
Introduction – Multimedia modalities, Channels and Medium – Interaction – Communicative Interaction – Objects and Agents – Channels of Communication – Artificial Languages – Natural Communication – Meta-languages – Components of Interactive Multimedia Systems.

2. KNOWLEDGE AND USER UNDERSTANDING 9
Knowledge – Basic idea of knowledge – A working definition – Knowledge representation – Knowledge Elicitation – Know about user applying user knowledge – acquiring user knowledge – User profiling – User modelling.

3. INTERACTION, INTERFACE & SEMIOTICS 9
Traditional HCI – Modalities and the interface – Interface channels – Functionality and usability – Visual appearance and Graphic design – Multimedia content – Semiotics – Idea of a Sign – Comples Signs – Semiotics and Media.

4. TEXT AND SOUND 9
Visual Perception of Text – Images on Page – Meaning and Text Readability – Text and the Screen – Modality of Sound – Channels of Communication – Combining Sound Chanles – Technology of Sound – MIDI.

5. IMAGES 9
Psychology of vision – Representational Images – Juxtaposition of Images – Perception of Motion – Constructing a Shot – Shots into narrative – Modern languages of film and television.

L = 45 Total = 45

REFERENCE:
Mark Elsom-Cook, “Principles of Interactive Multimedia” McGraw Hill, International Edition 2001.



ES1674 ASIC DESIGN 3 0 0 100

1. INTRODUCTION TO ASICS, CMOS LOGIC AND ASIC LIBRARY DESIGN 9
Types of ASICs – Design Flow – CMOS transistors, CMOS design rules – Combinational Logic Cell – Sequential logic cell – Data path logic cell – Transistors as Resistors – Transistor Parasitic Capacitance – Logical effort – Library cell design – Library architecture.

2. PROGRAMMABLE ASICS, PROGRAMMABLE ASIC LOGIC CELLS AND PROGRAMMBALE ASIC I/O CELLS 9

Anti fuse – static RAM – EPROM and EEPROM technology – PREP bench marks – Actel ACT – Xilinx LCA – Altera FLEX – Altera MAX DC & AC inputs and outputs – Clock and power inputs – Xilinx I/O blocks.

3. PROGRAMMABLE ASIC INTERCONNECT, PROGRAMMABLE ASIC DESIGN SOFTWARE AND LOW LEVEL DESIGN ENTRY. 9

Actel ACT – Xilinx LCA – Xilinx EPLD – Altera MAX 5000 and 7000 – Altera MAX 9000 Altera FLEX – Design systems – Logic Synthesis – Half Gate ASIC – Schematic entry – Low level design language – PLA tools – EDIF – CFI design representation.

4.LOGIC SYNTHESIS, SIMULATION AND TESTING 9
Verilog and logic synthesis – VHDL and logic synthesis - Types of simulation – Boundary scan test – Fault simulation – Automatic test pattern generation.

5.ASIC CONSTRUCTION, FLOOR PLANNING, PLACEMENT AND ROUTING 9
System partition – FPGA partitioning – partitioning methods – floor planning – placement – physical design flow – global routing – detailed routing – special routing – circuit extraction – DRC.

L = 45 Total = 45
TEXT BOOK:
1.M.J.S. SMITH, “Application – Specific Integrated Circuits” – Addison – Wesley Longman Inc., 1997.




REFERENCES:
1. Andrew Brown, “VLSI Circuits and Systems in Silicon”, McGraw Hill, 1991.

2. S.D.Brown, R.J.Francis, J.Rox, Z.G.Uranesic, “Field Programmable Gate Arrays” –
Kluever Academic Publishers, 1992.

3. Mohammed Ismail and Terri Fiez, “Analog VLSI Signal and Information Processing”,
McGraw Hill, 1994.

4. S.Y. Kung, H.J.Whilo House, T.Kailath, “VLSI and Modern Signal Processing”, Prentice Hall, 1985.

5. Jose E.France, Yannis Tsividis, “Design of Analog – Digital VLSI Circuits for
Telecommunication and Signal Processing”, Prentice Hall, 1994.



ES1675 ADVANCED MICROPROCESSORS AND MICRO CONTROLLERS DESIGN 3 0 0 100

1. MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE 9
Instruction set – Data formats – Instruction formats – Addressing modes – Memory Hierarchy – register file – Cache – Virtual memory and paging – Segmentation – Pipelining – The instruction pipeline – pipeline hazards – Instruction level parallelism – reduced instruction set – Computer principles – RISC versus CISC – RISC properties – RISC evaluation – On-chip register files versus cache evaluation.

2.HIGH PERFORMANCE CISC ARCHITECTURE – PENTIUM 9
The software model – functional description – CPU pin descriptions – RISC concepts – bus operations – Super scalar architecture – pipe lining – Branch prediction – The instruction and caches – Floating point unit – protected mode operation – Segmentation – paging – Protection – multitasking – Exception and interrupts – Input/Output – Virtual 8086 model – Interrupt processing – Instruction types – Addressing modes – Processor flags – Instruction set – Basic programming the Pentium Processor.

3.HIGH PERFORMANCE RISC ARCHITECTURE: ARM 9
The ARM architecture – ARM organization and implementation – The ARM instruction set – The thumb instruction set – Basic ARM Assembly language program – ARM CPU cores.

4.MOTOROLA 68HC11 MICRO CONTROLLERS 9
Instructions and addressing modes – operating modes – Hardware reset – Interrupt system – Parallel I/O ports – Flats – Real time clock – Programmable timer – pulse accumulator – serial communication interface – A/D converter – hardware expansion – Basic Assembly Language programming.

5.PIC MICRO CONTROLLER 9
CPU Architecture – Instruction set – Interrupts – Timers – Memory – I/O port expansion – I2C bus for peripheral chip access – A/D converter – UART.

L = 45 Total = 45

REFERENCES
1. Daniel Tabak, “Advanced Microprocessors” McGraw Hill. Inc., 1995.
2. James L. Antonakos , “The Pentium Microprocessor” Pearson Education, 1997.
3. Steave Furber, “ARM system – on – chip architecture” Addison Wesley, 2000.
4. Gene. H.Miller, “Micro Computer Engineering”, Pearson Education, 2003.
5. John.B. Peatman, “Design with PIC Micro controller”, Pearson Education, 1988.
6. James L Antonakos, “An Introduction to the Intel family of Microprocessors” Pearson
Education, 1999.
7. Barry B.Breg, “The Intel Microprocessors Architecture, Programming and Interfacing”
PHI, 2002.





ES1676 EMBEDDED COMMUNICATION SOFTWARE DESIGN 3 0 0 100

1. OSI Reference Model – Communication Devices – Communication Echo System – Design Consideration – Host Based Communication – Embedded Communication System – OS Vs RTOS. 9


2. Software Partitioning – Limitation of strict Layering – Tasks & Modules – Modules and Task Decomposition – Layer2 Switch – Layer3 Switch / Routers – Protocol Implementation – Management Types – Debugging Protocols. 9


3. Tables & other Data Structures – Partitioning of Structures and Tables – Implementation – Speeding Up access – Table Resizing – Table access routines – Buffer and Timer Management – Third Party Protocol Libraries. 9

4. Management Software – Device Management – Management Schemes – Router Management – Management of Sub System Architecture – Device to manage configuration – System Start up and configuration. 9

5. Multi Board Communication Software Design – Multi Board Architecture – Single control Card and Multiple line Card Architecture – Interface for Multi Board software – Failures and Fault – Tolerance in Multi Board Systems – Hardware independent development – Using a COTS Board – Development Environment – Test Tools. 9

L = 45 Total = 45


REFERENCES

1. Sridhar .T, “Designing Embedded Communication Software” CMP Books, 2003.




ES1677 DSP INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 3 0 0 100

1. DSP INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND VLSI CIRCUIT TECHNOLOGIES 9
Standard digital signal processors, Application specific IC’s for DSP, DSP systems, DSP system design, Integrated circuit design. MOS transistors, MOS logic, VLSI process technologies, Trends in CMOS technologies.

2. DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 9
Digital signal processing, Sampling of analog signals, Selection of sample frequency, Signal-processing systems, Frequency response, Transfer functions, Signal flow graphs, Filter structures, Adaptive DSP algorithms, DFT-The Discrete Fourier Transform, FFT-The Fast Fourier Transform Algorithm, Image coding, Discrete cosine transforms.

3. DIGITAL FILTERS AND FINITE WORD LENGTH EFFECTS 9
FIR filters, FIR filter structures, FIR chips, IIR filters, Specifications of IIR filters, Mapping of analog transfer functions, Mapping of analog filter structures, Multirate systems, Interpolation with an integer factor L, Sampling rate change with a ratio L/M, Multirate filters. Finite word length effects -Parasitic oscillations, Scaling of signal levels, Round-off noise, Measuring round-off noise, Coefficient sensitivity, Sensitivity and noise.

4. DSP ARCHITECTURES AND SYNTHESIS OF DSP ARCHITECTURES 9

DSP system architectures, Standard DSP architecture, Ideal DSP architectures, Multiprocessors and multicomputers, Systolic and Wave front arrays, Shared memory architectures. Mapping of DSP algorithms onto hardware, Implementation based on complex PEs, Shared memory architecture with Bit – serial PEs.

5. ARITHMETIC UNITS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN 9

Conventional number system, Redundant Number system, Residue Number System. Bit-parallel and Bit-Serial arithmetic, Basic shift accumulator, Reducing the memory size, Complex multipliers, Improved shift-accumulator. Layout of VLSI circuits, FFT processor, DCT processor and Interpolator as case studies.
L = 45 Total = 45

REFERENCES:
1. Lars Wanhammer, “DSP Integrated Circuits”, 1999 Academic press,
New York.
2. A.V.Oppenheim et.al, ‘Discrete-time Signal Processing’ Pearson education, 2000.
3. Emmanuel C. Ifeachor, Barrie W. Jervis, “ Digital signal processing – A
practical approach”, Second edition, Pearson edition, Asia.
4.Keshab K.Parhi, ‘VLSI digital Signal Processing Systems design and Implementation’ John Wiley & Sons, 1999.